Nuclear Chemistry and Applications of Radioactivity 🎯 Learning outcomes After completing this chapter, you should be able to: Describe natural and artificial radioactivity. Give units of radioactivity. Explain nuclear reactions. Distinguish between nuclear fission and fusion reactions. Describe nuclear power and nuclear weapons. Explain industrial uses of radioactivity. State the medical uses of radioactivity. Explain…
20. Paper and Pulp 🎯 Learning outcomes The students should be able to: List out the raw materials and sources of raw materials Describe the stages in the production of paper. Give a flow-sheet diagram for paper production. Describe the quality of the paper. 1 Introduction In today’s world, paper is an essential material for…
16.2 Aromatic Amines (Aniline) 🎯 Learning Outcomes — By the end of the chapter, students should be able to: Show preparation of aniline from nitrobenzene and phenol. State the physical properties of aromatic amines. Explain the chemical properties of aromatic amines, i.e. basicity of aniline, comparison of the basic nature of aniline with aliphatic amines…
15.2 Nitrobenzene 🎯 Learning outcomes After completion of the chapter, students should be able to: Show preparation of nitrobenzene from benzene. State physical properties of nitrobenzene. Explain chemical properties of nitrobenzene, i.e. reduction in different media and electrophilic substitution reactions (nitration, sulphonation & bromination). State important uses of nitro compounds. ⚗️ Preparation of Nitrobenzene ▼…
13.2 Aromatic Aldehydes and Ketones – Chemistry Notes 🎯 Learning Outcomes By the end of the chapter, students should be able to: show the preparation of benzaldehyde from toluene and acetophenone from benzene explain the chemical properties of benzaldehyde, i.e. Perkin condensation, Benzoin condensation, Cannizzaro’s reaction and electrophilic substitution reaction 1 🧪 Introduction 🧪 Introduction…
Phenols — NEB Grade 12 Chemistry 🎯 Learning Outcomes By the end of this chapter, students should be able to: Describe the nomenclature of phenols briefly. Show the preparation of phenol from chlorobenzene, diazonium salt and benzenesulphonic acid. State the physical properties of phenol. Describe the acidic nature of phenol (comparison with alcohol and water)….
9. Haloarenes | Grade 12 Chemistry 🎯 Learning Outcomes After the lesson, learners should be able to: Describe the nomenclature and isomerism of haloarenes. Show the preparation of chlorobenzene from benzene and benzene diazonium chloride. State the physical properties of haloarenes. Explain the low reactivity of haloarenes as compared to haloalkanes in terms of nucleophilic…
16.1 Aliphatic Amines 🎯 Learning Outcomes — After completion of the chapter, students should be able to: Briefly describe the nomenclature, classification and isomerism of amines. Show the separation of primary, secondary and tertiary amines by Hoffmann’s method. Show preparation of primary amines from haloalkanes, nitriles, nitroalkanes, and amides. State the physical properties of aliphatic…
17. Organometallic Compounds 🎯 Learning outcomes By the end of the chapter, students should be able to: Briefly describe the general formula and examples of organolithium, organocopper, and organocadmium compounds. Explain the nature of the Metal-Carbon bond. Define a Grignard reagent. Show the preparation of a Grignard reagent (using haloalkane and haloarene). Explain the reaction…
15.1 Aliphatic Nitro Compounds 🎯 Learning outcomes After completion of the chapter, students should be able to: Describe the nomenclature and isomerism of nitro compounds. Show the preparation from haloalkanes and alkanes. State the physical properties of nitro compounds. Explain the chemical properties of nitro compounds, i.e., reduction. 📖 Introduction ▼ 💡 Think about it!…
Derivatives of Carboxylic Acids — NEB Grade 12 Chemistry 🎯 Learning Outcomes Show the preparation of acid derivatives from carboxylic acids. Explain the comparative physical properties of acid derivatives. Explain the comparative chemical properties of acid derivatives (hydrolysis, ammonolysis, amines–RNH2, alcoholysis, and reduction only). Claisen condensation and Hofmann bromamide reaction. Describe the amphoteric nature of…
Carboxylic Acids — NEB Grade 12 Chemistry 🎯 Learning Outcomes Describe briefly the nomenclature and isomerism of aliphatic and aromatic carboxylic acids. Show the preparation of monocarboxylic acids from: aldehydes, nitriles, dicarboxylic acids, sodium alkoxide, and trihaloalkanes. Show the preparation of benzoic acid from alkylbenzene. State physical properties of monocarboxylic acids. Explain the chemical properties…
12. Ethers — Chemistry Notes 🎯 Learning Outcomes After the lesson, learners should be able to: Describe the nomenclature, classification and isomerism of ethers. Show the preparation of aliphatic and aromatic ethers from Williamson’s synthesis. State physical properties of ethers. Explain the chemical properties of ethoxyethane with HI, Conc. HCl, Conc. H2SO4, air and Cl2…
7.4 Iron | NEB Grade 12 Chemistry 🎯 Learning Outcomes Candidates should be able to: Describe the occurrence of iron Describe the properties of iron State the uses of iron Describe the manufacture of steel by the basic oxygen method and the open hearth process Explain the corrosion of iron and its prevention 1 Iron…
*** 5. Electrochemistry | Grade 12 Chemistry 🎯 Learning Outcomes After the lesson, learners should be able to: Define standard electrode (redox) potential. Explain the standard hydrogen electrode and calomel electrodes. Calculate a standard cell potential by combining two standard electrode potentials. Describe the applications of the electrochemical series. Define and explain standard cell potential…