28.5 Stability Constants
📥 Download 28.5 Stability Constant – Notes
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28.4 Stereoisomerism in Complexes
28.4 Stereoisomerism in Complexes Learning outcomes Candidates should be able to: describe the types of stereoisomerism shown by complexes, including those associated with bidentate ligands: (a) geometrical (cis/trans) isomerism, e.g. square planar such as [Pt(NH₃)₂Cl₂] and octahedral such as [Co(NH₃)₄(H₂O)₂]²⁺ and [Ni(en)₂(H₂O)₂]²⁺ (b) optical isomerism, e.g. [Ni(en)₃]²⁺ and [Ni(en)₂(H₂O)₂]²⁺ deduce the overall polarity of complexes…
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28.3 Colour of Complexes
28.3 Colour of Complexes Learning outcomes Candidates should be able to: define and use the terms degenerate and non-degenerate d orbitals describe the splitting of degenerate d orbitals into two non-degenerate sets of d orbitals of higher energy, and the use of ΔE in: (a) octahedral complexes, two higher and three lower d orbitals (b)…
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28.2 General Characteristics of Transition Elements
28.2 General Characteristics and Chemical Properties of Transition Elements Learning outcomes Candidates should be able to: describe and explain the reactions of transition elements with ligands to form complexes, including the complexes of copper(II) and cobalt(II) ions with water and ammonia molecules and hydroxide and chloride ions define the term ligand as a species that…
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28.1 Transition Elements- Introduction
28.1 General Physical and Chemical Properties of Transition Elements Learning outcomes Candidates should be able to: define a transition element as a d-block element which forms one or more stable ions with incomplete d orbitals sketch the shape of a 3dxy orbital and a 3dz² orbital understand that transition elements have the following properties: they…
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26.2 Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysts
Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysts 🎯 Learning outcomes Candidates should be able to: Explain that catalysts can be homogeneous or heterogeneous Describe the mode of action of a heterogeneous catalyst, including adsorption of reactants, bond weakening and desorption of products, for example: (a) iron in the Haber process (b) palladium, platinum and rhodium in the catalytic…
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26.1 Rate equations, Order and Rate Constants
📥 Download 26.1 Rate equations, Order, Rate constants- Notes 📥 Download 26.1 Rate equations, Order, Rate constants- Worksheet
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25.2 Partition Coeffecients
📥 Download PDF 25.2 Partition Coeffecient- Notes 📥 Download PDF 25.2 Partition Coeffecient- Worksheet
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25.1 Acids and Bases
25.1 Acids and Bases 🎯 Learning outcomes Candidates should be able to: understand and use the terms conjugate acid and conjugate base define conjugate acid–base pairs, identifying such pairs in reactions define the terms pH, Ka, pKa and Kw mathematically and use them in calculations (Kb and the equation Kw = Ka × Kb will…
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24.2 Electrode and Cell Potentials and the Nernst Equation
24.2 Electrode, Cell Potential & Nernst Equation 🎯 Learning Outcomes Candidates should be able to: ✓ Define the terms: standard electrode (reduction) potential standard cell potential ✓ Describe the standard hydrogen electrode ✓ Describe methods used to measure the standard electrode potentials of: metals or non-metals in contact with their ions in aqueous solution ions…
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24.1 Electrolysis
24.1 Electrolysis — A Level Chemistry 🎯 Learning Outcomes Predict the identities of substances liberated during electrolysis from the state of the electrolyte (molten or aqueous), its position in the electrochemical (redox) series, and its concentration. State and apply the relationship F = Le between the Faraday constant, F, the Avogadro constant, L, and the…
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23.4 Gibb’s Free Energy
23.4 Gibbs Free Energy Change 🎯 Learning Outcomes Candidates should be able to: ✓ State and use the Gibbs equation ΔG⦵ = ΔH⦵ − TΔS⦵ ✓ Perform calculations using the equation ΔG⦵ = ΔH⦵ − TΔS⦵ ✓ State whether a reaction or process will be feasible, using the sign of ΔG ✓ Predict the effect…
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23.3 Entropy Change
The universe’s obsession with mess — and how chemists put a number on it 🎯 Learning outcomes Candidates should be able to: Define the term entropy, S, as the number of possible arrangements of the particles and their energy in a given system. Predict and explain the sign of the entropy changes that occur: during…
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23.1 Lattice Energy and Born-Haber Cycle
Lattice Energies and Born-Haber Cycles Understanding why ionic compounds are so stable — and how we measure it. 🎯 Learning outcomes Candidates should be able to: Define and use the terms: (a) enthalpy change of atomisation, ΔHat (b) lattice energy, ΔHlatt (the change from gas phase ions to solid lattice) (a) Define and use the…