10. Covalent & Coordinate Bonding — A Level Chemistry 🎯 Learning Outcomes Candidates should be able to: Define covalent bonding, and describe covalent bonding in H₂, O₂, N₂, Cl₂, HCl, CO₂, NH₃, CH₄, C₂H₆ and C₂H₄; understand that Period 3 elements can expand their octet (e.g. SO₂, PCl₅, SF₆); describe coordinate (dative covalent) bonding, including…
9. Metallic Bonding — A Level Chemistry 🎯 Learning Outcomes By the end of this chapter, students should be able to: Define metallic bonding and draw an illustration to represent it. 1 What Is Metallic Bonding? ▾ In a metal, atoms are packed closely together in a regular arrangement called a lattice. Metal atoms in…
8. Ionic Bonding — A Level Chemistry 🎯 Learning Outcomes Candidates should be able to: Define ionic bonding. Describe ionic bonding, using the examples of sodium chloride, magnesium chloride and calcium fluoride, including the use of ‘dot-and-cross’ diagrams. 1 What Is Ionic Bonding? ▾ An ionic bond is the strong electrostatic attraction between positively charged…
🎯 Learning outcomes After completing this lesson, you should be able to: explain and use the terms catalyst and catalysis explain that, in the presence of a catalyst, a reaction has a different mechanism — one of lower activation energy explain this catalytic effect in terms of the Boltzmann distribution construct and interpret a reaction…
🎯 Learning outcomes After completing this lesson, you should be able to: define activation energy, EA, as the minimum energy required for a collision to be effective sketch and use the Boltzmann distribution to explain the significance of activation energy explain qualitatively, in terms both of the Boltzmann distribution and of the frequency of effective…
5.2 Hess’s Law — A Level Chemistry Learning outcomes Candidates should be able to: apply Hess’s Law to construct simple energy cycles carry out calculations using cycles and relevant energy terms, including: determining enthalpy changes that cannot be found by direct experiment use of bond energy data Before you start You can’t set a match…
Learning outcomesCandidates should be able to: Unsaturated hydrocarbons: compounds of hydrogen and carbon only whose molecules contain carbon-to-carbon double bonds (or triple bonds) Preparations From a halogenoalkanes (dehydrohalogenation – elimination) Dehydration of an alcohol Addition of halogen, X2 Use of aqueous bromine to show the presence of a C=C bond Properties Electrophilic addition The double…