Thermodynamics 🎯 Learning outcomes After completing this lesson, you should be able to: Define thermodynamics and explain its basic terms: system, surroundings, boundary and universe. Classify systems as open, closed or isolated, and give real-life examples of each. Define state functions and distinguish them from path functions. Distinguish between extensive and intensive properties with examples….
17.2 Fertilizers 🎯 Learning outcomes By the end of this chapter, Students should be able to: Describe Fertilisers Describe Chemical fertilisers Describe the types of chemical fertilisers Describe production of urea with flow-sheet diagram. 17.2 Fertilizers 1 Introduction to Fertilizers Plants need water, carbon dioxide, sunlight and different nutrient elements like N, P, K, Ca,…
17.1 Modern Chemical Manufacturers 🎯 Learning outcomes By the end of this chapter, Students should be able to: 17.1 State and show the manufacture of ammonia by Haber’s process (principle and flow sheet diagram). 17.2 State and show the manufacture of nitric acid by Ostwald’s process (principle and flow-sheet diagram). 17.3 State and show the…
Aromatic Hydrocarbons 🎯 Learning outcomes By the end of this chapter, Students should be able to: Introduction and characteristics of aromatic compounds Hückel’s rule of aromaticity Kekule structure of benzene Resonance and isomerism Preparation of benzene from decarboxylation of Sodium benzoate, Phenol, and Ethyne only Physical properties of Benzene Chemical properties of benzene: Addition reaction:…
14.2 Unsaturated Hydrocarbons — Alkenes and Alkynes 🎯 Learning outcomes By the end of this chapter, Students should be able to: Define and describe unsaturated hydrocarbons (Alkenes & Alkynes). Show preparation of alkenes by dehydration of alcohol, dehydrohalogenation, and catalytic hydrogenation of alkyne. Explain the chemical properties of alkenes, i.e., addition reactions with HX (Markovnikov’s…
14.1 Saturated Hydrocarbons (Alkanes) 🎯 Learning outcomes By the end of this chapter, students should be able to: Define and describe saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes). Show preparation of alkanes from haloalkanes (reduction and Wurtz reaction), decarboxylation, and catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes and alkynes. Explain the chemical properties of alkanes. Classification of Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Acyclic compounds…
13.7 Preliminary Idea of Reaction Mechanism 🎯 Learning outcomes After the lesson, the students will be able to: Give a preliminary idea of reaction mechanism (homolytic and heterolytic fission, electrophiles, nucleophiles, and free radicals, inductive effect: +I and −I effect, resonance effect: +R and −R effect, steric hindrance). Preliminary Idea of Reaction Mechanism 1 Introduction…
13.3 Isomerism in Organic Compounds 🎯 Learning outcomes The learners will be able to: Define and classify isomerism in organic compounds (structure isomerism, types of structure isomerism: chain isomerism, position isomerism, functional isomerism, metamerism and tautomerism). State and explain the concept of geometrical isomerism (cis & trans) & optical isomerism (d & l form). 13.3…
13.2 Qualitative Analysis of Organic Compounds 🎯 Learning outcomes By the end of this chapter, Students should be able to: Detect N, S, and halogens in organic compounds by Lassaigne’s test. 13.2 Qualitative analysis of organic compounds (detection of N, S, and halogens by Lassaigne’s test) 1 Detection of foreign elements As we know, hydrocarbons…
13.1 IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds 🎯 Learning outcomes Candidates should be able to: State the IUPAC name of the organic compounds. 13.1 IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds (up to chains having 6-carbon atoms) 1 Two Ways of Naming Organic Compounds There are two ways of naming organic compounds: Trivial or common system, and IUPAC…
13.1 IUPAC nomenclature of Organic Compounds 13.2 Qualitative analysis of Organic Compounds 13.3 Isomerism in Organic Compounds 13.7 Preliminary Idea of Reaction Mechanism
10.3 Alkaline Earth Metals 🎯 Learning outcomes Learners should be able to: Give general characteristics of alkaline earth metals. Write the molecular formula and uses of (quick lime, bleaching powder, magnesia, Plaster of Paris, and Epsom salt). Explain the solubility of hydroxides, carbonates, and sulphates of alkaline earth metals (General trend). Describe the stability of…
10.2 Alkali Metals 🎯 Learning outcomes After the completion of the chapter, learners should be able to: Describe the general characteristics of alkali metals. Explain the extraction of sodium from Downs’ process. Describe properties of sodium (action with Oxygen, water, acids, nonmetals and ammonia) and uses. Explain properties (precipitation reaction and action with carbon monoxide)…
10.1 Metals and Metallurgy Look around you.Your mobile phone, bicycle, electrical wires, buildings, cooking utensils and vehicles all depend on metals. But metals are rarely found in nature as pure metals. They are usually present in minerals. How do we turn a rock containing a metal compound into a useful, pure metal? 👉 The science…
9.8 Sulphur 🎯 Learning outcomes By the end of this chapter, Students should be able to: 9.24 Explain allotropes of sulphur (name only) and uses of sulphur. 9.25 Prepare hydrogen sulphide using Kipp’s apparatus. 9.26 Explain properties (Acidic nature, reducing nature, analytical reagent) and uses of hydrogen sulphide. 9.27 Explain properties of sulphur dioxide (acidic…