15.1 Aliphatic Nitro Compounds 🎯 Learning outcomes After completion of the chapter, students should be able to: Describe the nomenclature and isomerism of nitro compounds. Show the preparation from haloalkanes and alkanes. State the physical properties of nitro compounds. Explain the chemical properties of nitro compounds, i.e., reduction. 📖 Introduction ▼ 💡 Think about it!…
Derivatives of Carboxylic Acids — NEB Grade 12 Chemistry 🎯 Learning Outcomes Show the preparation of acid derivatives from carboxylic acids. Explain the comparative physical properties of acid derivatives. Explain the comparative chemical properties of acid derivatives (hydrolysis, ammonolysis, amines–RNH2, alcoholysis, and reduction only). Claisen condensation and Hofmann bromamide reaction. Describe the amphoteric nature of…
Carboxylic Acids — NEB Grade 12 Chemistry 🎯 Learning Outcomes Describe briefly the nomenclature and isomerism of aliphatic and aromatic carboxylic acids. Show the preparation of monocarboxylic acids from: aldehydes, nitriles, dicarboxylic acids, sodium alkoxide, and trihaloalkanes. Show the preparation of benzoic acid from alkylbenzene. State physical properties of monocarboxylic acids. Explain the chemical properties…
12. Ethers — Chemistry Notes 🎯 Learning Outcomes After the lesson, learners should be able to: Describe the nomenclature, classification and isomerism of ethers. Show the preparation of aliphatic and aromatic ethers from Williamson’s synthesis. State physical properties of ethers. Explain the chemical properties of ethoxyethane with HI, Conc. HCl, Conc. H2SO4, air and Cl2…
Aromatic Hydrocarbons 🎯 Learning outcomes By the end of this chapter, Students should be able to: Introduction and characteristics of aromatic compounds Hückel’s rule of aromaticity Kekule structure of benzene Resonance and isomerism Preparation of benzene from decarboxylation of Sodium benzoate, Phenol, and Ethyne only Physical properties of Benzene Chemical properties of benzene: Addition reaction:…
14.2 Unsaturated Hydrocarbons — Alkenes and Alkynes 🎯 Learning outcomes By the end of this chapter, Students should be able to: Define and describe unsaturated hydrocarbons (Alkenes & Alkynes). Show preparation of alkenes by dehydration of alcohol, dehydrohalogenation, and catalytic hydrogenation of alkyne. Explain the chemical properties of alkenes, i.e., addition reactions with HX (Markovnikov’s…
14.1 Saturated Hydrocarbons (Alkanes) 🎯 Learning outcomes By the end of this chapter, students should be able to: Define and describe saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes). Show preparation of alkanes from haloalkanes (reduction and Wurtz reaction), decarboxylation, and catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes and alkynes. Explain the chemical properties of alkanes. Classification of Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Acyclic compounds…
13.7 Preliminary Idea of Reaction Mechanism 🎯 Learning outcomes After the lesson, the students will be able to: Give a preliminary idea of reaction mechanism (homolytic and heterolytic fission, electrophiles, nucleophiles, and free radicals, inductive effect: +I and −I effect, resonance effect: +R and −R effect, steric hindrance). Preliminary Idea of Reaction Mechanism 1 Introduction…
13.3 Isomerism in Organic Compounds 🎯 Learning outcomes The learners will be able to: Define and classify isomerism in organic compounds (structure isomerism, types of structure isomerism: chain isomerism, position isomerism, functional isomerism, metamerism and tautomerism). State and explain the concept of geometrical isomerism (cis & trans) & optical isomerism (d & l form). 13.3…
13.2 Qualitative Analysis of Organic Compounds 🎯 Learning outcomes By the end of this chapter, Students should be able to: Detect N, S, and halogens in organic compounds by Lassaigne’s test. 13.2 Qualitative analysis of organic compounds (detection of N, S, and halogens by Lassaigne’s test) 1 Detection of foreign elements As we know, hydrocarbons…
13.1 IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds 🎯 Learning outcomes Candidates should be able to: State the IUPAC name of the organic compounds. 13.1 IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds (up to chains having 6-carbon atoms) 1 Two Ways of Naming Organic Compounds There are two ways of naming organic compounds: Trivial or common system, and IUPAC…
13.1 IUPAC nomenclature of Organic Compounds 13.2 Qualitative analysis of Organic Compounds 13.3 Isomerism in Organic Compounds 13.7 Preliminary Idea of Reaction Mechanism
Chemical Equilibrium 🎯 Learning Outcomes After completion of the chapter, students should be able to: Explain physical and chemical equilibrium in terms of a reversible reaction. Describe the meaning of the dynamic nature of equilibrium with an example. Explain and deduce the law of mass action. Write the equilibrium expression and the equilibrium constant with…
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