8. Ionic Bonding — A Level Chemistry 🎯 Learning Outcomes Candidates should be able to: Define ionic bonding. Describe ionic bonding, using the examples of sodium chloride, magnesium chloride and calcium fluoride, including the use of ‘dot-and-cross’ diagrams. 1 What Is Ionic Bonding? ▾ An ionic bond is the strong electrostatic attraction between positively charged…
📥 Download PDF 25.2 Partition Coeffecient- Notes 📥 Download PDF 25.2 Partition Coeffecient- Worksheet
24.2 Electrode, Cell Potential & Nernst Equation 🎯 Learning Outcomes Candidates should be able to: ✓ Define the terms: standard electrode (reduction) potential standard cell potential ✓ Describe the standard hydrogen electrode ✓ Describe methods used to measure the standard electrode potentials of: metals or non-metals in contact with their ions in aqueous solution ions…
Particles in Atoms & Atomic Radius 🎯 Learning outcomes Candidates should be able to: Understand that atoms are mostly empty space surrounding a very small, dense nucleus that contains protons and neutrons; electrons are found in shells in the empty space around the nucleus Identify and describe protons, neutrons and electrons in terms of their…
24.1 Electrolysis — A Level Chemistry 🎯 Learning Outcomes Predict the identities of substances liberated during electrolysis from the state of the electrolyte (molten or aqueous), its position in the electrochemical (redox) series, and its concentration. State and apply the relationship F = Le between the Faraday constant, F, the Avogadro constant, L, and the…
23.4 Gibbs Free Energy Change 🎯 Learning Outcomes Candidates should be able to: ✓ State and use the Gibbs equation ΔG⦵ = ΔH⦵ − TΔS⦵ ✓ Perform calculations using the equation ΔG⦵ = ΔH⦵ − TΔS⦵ ✓ State whether a reaction or process will be feasible, using the sign of ΔG ✓ Predict the effect…
🎯 Learning Outcomes Candidates should be able to: Define and use the term enthalpy change with reference to hydration, ΔHhyd, and solution, ΔHsol Construct and use an energy cycle involving the enthalpy change of solution, lattice energy, and enthalpy change of hydration Carry out calculations involving these energy cycles Explain, in qualitative terms, the effect…
🎯 Learning outcomes By the end of this chapter, students should be able to: Differentiate between amorphous and crystalline solids. Describe the properties of crystalline solids (anisotropy, allotropy, isomorphism, polymorphism, transition temperature, habit of crystal, crystal growth). Define unit cell, crystal lattice, efflorescence, deliquescence, hygroscopy, and water of crystallisation with examples. 1 🧱 Why Do…
Download PDF 37.1 Thin-layer chromatography Download PDF 37.2 Gas/Liquid Chromatography Download PDF 37.3/4 C13 and pNMR sepctroscopy
Download PDF 36 organic synthesis
Download PDF 35 Polymerisation
Download PDF 34.1 Amines Download PDF 34.2 phenylamines Download PDF 34.3 Amides Download PDF 34.4 Amino acids
Download PDF 33.1 Carboxylic acids Download PDF 33.2 Esters Download PDF 33.3 Acyl chlorides
Download PDF 32.1 Alcohols Download PDF 32.2 Phenols
Download PDF 30 Arenes