9. Metallic Bonding — A Level Chemistry 🎯 Learning Outcomes By the end of this chapter, students should be able to: Define metallic bonding and draw an illustration to represent it. 1 What Is Metallic Bonding? ▾ In a metal, atoms are packed closely together in a regular arrangement called a lattice. Metal atoms in…
8. Ionic Bonding — A Level Chemistry 🎯 Learning Outcomes Candidates should be able to: Define ionic bonding. Describe ionic bonding, using the examples of sodium chloride, magnesium chloride and calcium fluoride, including the use of ‘dot-and-cross’ diagrams. 1 What Is Ionic Bonding? ▾ An ionic bond is the strong electrostatic attraction between positively charged…
🎯 Learning outcomes After completing this lesson, you should be able to: define activation energy, EA, as the minimum energy required for a collision to be effective sketch and use the Boltzmann distribution to explain the significance of activation energy explain qualitatively, in terms both of the Boltzmann distribution and of the frequency of effective…
🎯 Learning outcomes After completing this lesson, you should be able to: explain and use the terms rate of reaction, frequency of collisions, effective collisions and non-effective collisions explain qualitatively, in terms of the frequency of effective collisions, the effect of concentration and pressure changes on the rate of a reaction use experimental data to…
5.1 Enthalpy Change — A Level Chemistry Learning outcomes Candidates should be able to: understand that chemical reactions are accompanied by enthalpy changes and these changes can be exothermic (ΔH is negative) or endothermic (ΔH is positive) construct and interpret a reaction pathway diagram, in terms of the enthalpy change of the reaction and of…
Particles in Atoms & Atomic Radius 🎯 Learning outcomes Candidates should be able to: Understand that atoms are mostly empty space surrounding a very small, dense nucleus that contains protons and neutrons; electrons are found in shells in the empty space around the nucleus Identify and describe protons, neutrons and electrons in terms of their…
Learning outcomesCandidates should be able to: Unsaturated hydrocarbons: compounds of hydrogen and carbon only whose molecules contain carbon-to-carbon double bonds (or triple bonds) Preparations From a halogenoalkanes (dehydrohalogenation – elimination) Dehydration of an alcohol Addition of halogen, X2 Use of aqueous bromine to show the presence of a C=C bond Properties Electrophilic addition The double…