14.2 Unsaturated Hydrocarbons — Alkenes and Alkynes 🎯 Learning outcomes By the end of this chapter, Students should be able to: Define and describe unsaturated hydrocarbons (Alkenes & Alkynes). Show preparation of alkenes by dehydration of alcohol, dehydrohalogenation, and catalytic hydrogenation of alkyne. Explain the chemical properties of alkenes, i.e., addition reactions with HX (Markovnikov’s…
13.7 Preliminary Idea of Reaction Mechanism 🎯 Learning outcomes After the lesson, the students will be able to: Give a preliminary idea of reaction mechanism (homolytic and heterolytic fission, electrophiles, nucleophiles, and free radicals, inductive effect: +I and −I effect, resonance effect: +R and −R effect, steric hindrance). Preliminary Idea of Reaction Mechanism 1 Introduction…
13.3 Isomerism in Organic Compounds 🎯 Learning outcomes The learners will be able to: Define and classify isomerism in organic compounds (structure isomerism, types of structure isomerism: chain isomerism, position isomerism, functional isomerism, metamerism and tautomerism). State and explain the concept of geometrical isomerism (cis & trans) & optical isomerism (d & l form). 13.3…
13.2 Qualitative Analysis of Organic Compounds 🎯 Learning outcomes By the end of this chapter, Students should be able to: Detect N, S, and halogens in organic compounds by Lassaigne’s test. 13.2 Qualitative analysis of organic compounds (detection of N, S, and halogens by Lassaigne’s test) 1 Detection of foreign elements As we know, hydrocarbons…
13.1 IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds 🎯 Learning outcomes Candidates should be able to: State the IUPAC name of the organic compounds. 13.1 IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds (up to chains having 6-carbon atoms) 1 Two Ways of Naming Organic Compounds There are two ways of naming organic compounds: Trivial or common system, and IUPAC…
13.1 IUPAC nomenclature of Organic Compounds 13.2 Qualitative analysis of Organic Compounds 13.3 Isomerism in Organic Compounds 13.7 Preliminary Idea of Reaction Mechanism
10.3 Alkaline Earth Metals 🎯 Learning outcomes Learners should be able to: Give general characteristics of alkaline earth metals. Write the molecular formula and uses of (quick lime, bleaching powder, magnesia, Plaster of Paris, and Epsom salt). Explain the solubility of hydroxides, carbonates, and sulphates of alkaline earth metals (General trend). Describe the stability of…
10.2 Alkali Metals 🎯 Learning outcomes After the completion of the chapter, learners should be able to: Describe the general characteristics of alkali metals. Explain the extraction of sodium from Downs’ process. Describe properties of sodium (action with Oxygen, water, acids, nonmetals and ammonia) and uses. Explain properties (precipitation reaction and action with carbon monoxide)…
10.1 Metals and Metallurgy Look around you.Your mobile phone, bicycle, electrical wires, buildings, cooking utensils and vehicles all depend on metals. But metals are rarely found in nature as pure metals. They are usually present in minerals. How do we turn a rock containing a metal compound into a useful, pure metal? 👉 The science…
9.8 Sulphur 🎯 Learning outcomes By the end of this chapter, Students should be able to: 9.24 Explain allotropes of sulphur (name only) and uses of sulphur. 9.25 Prepare hydrogen sulphide using Kipp’s apparatus. 9.26 Explain properties (Acidic nature, reducing nature, analytical reagent) and uses of hydrogen sulphide. 9.27 Explain properties of sulphur dioxide (acidic…
9.7 Phosphorus 🎯 Learning outcomes By the end of this chapter, Students should be able to: Name allotropes of phosphorus. Write balanced chemical equations for the preparation of phosphine. Write balanced chemical equations for the properties (basic nature, reducing nature, action with halogens and oxygen) of phosphine. State the uses of phosphine. ✏️ To help…
9.5 Halogens 🎯 Learning outcomes By the end of this chapter, Students should be able to: 9.14 Explain general characteristics of halogens. 9.15 Compare the methods of preparation of halogens (no diagram and description required). 9.16 Explain chemical properties of halogens [With water, alkali, ammonia, oxidising character, bleaching action] and uses of halogens (Cl2, Br2,…
7.1 Gaseous state of Matter 7.2 Liquid State of Matter 7.3 Solid State of Matter
Chemical Equilibrium 🎯 Learning Outcomes After completion of the chapter, students should be able to: Explain physical and chemical equilibrium in terms of a reversible reaction. Describe the meaning of the dynamic nature of equilibrium with an example. Explain and deduce the law of mass action. Write the equilibrium expression and the equilibrium constant with…
🎯 Learning outcomes By the end of this chapter, students should be able to: Differentiate between amorphous and crystalline solids. Describe the properties of crystalline solids (anisotropy, allotropy, isomorphism, polymorphism, transition temperature, habit of crystal, crystal growth). Define unit cell, crystal lattice, efflorescence, deliquescence, hygroscopy, and water of crystallisation with examples. 1 🧱 Why Do…