16.1 Aliphatic Amines 🎯 Learning Outcomes — After completion of the chapter, students should be able to: Briefly describe the nomenclature, classification and isomerism of amines. Show the separation of primary, secondary and tertiary amines by Hoffmann’s method. Show preparation of primary amines from haloalkanes, nitriles, nitroalkanes, and amides. State the physical properties of aliphatic…
17. Organometallic Compounds 🎯 Learning outcomes By the end of the chapter, students should be able to: Briefly describe the general formula and examples of organolithium, organocopper, and organocadmium compounds. Explain the nature of the Metal-Carbon bond. Define a Grignard reagent. Show the preparation of a Grignard reagent (using haloalkane and haloarene). Explain the reaction…
15.1 Aliphatic Nitro Compounds 🎯 Learning outcomes After completion of the chapter, students should be able to: Describe the nomenclature and isomerism of nitro compounds. Show the preparation from haloalkanes and alkanes. State the physical properties of nitro compounds. Explain the chemical properties of nitro compounds, i.e., reduction. 📖 Introduction ▼ 💡 Think about it!…
Carboxylic Acids — NEB Grade 12 Chemistry 🎯 Learning Outcomes Describe briefly the nomenclature and isomerism of aliphatic and aromatic carboxylic acids. Show the preparation of monocarboxylic acids from: aldehydes, nitriles, dicarboxylic acids, sodium alkoxide, and trihaloalkanes. Show the preparation of benzoic acid from alkylbenzene. State physical properties of monocarboxylic acids. Explain the chemical properties…
12. Ethers — Chemistry Notes 🎯 Learning Outcomes After the lesson, learners should be able to: Describe the nomenclature, classification and isomerism of ethers. Show the preparation of aliphatic and aromatic ethers from Williamson’s synthesis. State physical properties of ethers. Explain the chemical properties of ethoxyethane with HI, Conc. HCl, Conc. H2SO4, air and Cl2…
7.5 Silver | NEB Grade 12 Chemistry 🎯 Learning Outcomes After completion of the chapter, you should be able to: Describe the occurrence of silver Describe the extraction of silver by the cyanide process Explain the preparation and uses of silver chloride and silver nitrate 1 Silver — Occurrence & Ores Symbol Ag Atomic number…
7.4 Iron | NEB Grade 12 Chemistry 🎯 Learning Outcomes Candidates should be able to: Describe the occurrence of iron Describe the properties of iron State the uses of iron Describe the manufacture of steel by the basic oxygen method and the open hearth process Explain the corrosion of iron and its prevention 1 Iron…
7.3 Mercury | NEB Grade 12 Chemistry 🎯 Learning Outcomes The students should be able to: Describe the occurrence of mercury Describe the extraction of mercury State properties of mercury Explain the chemistry (preparation, properties, and uses) of calomel and corrosive sublimate 1 Mercury — Occurrence Name Mercury (also called quicksilver) Symbol Hg Main ore…
*** 5. Electrochemistry | Grade 12 Chemistry 🎯 Learning Outcomes After the lesson, learners should be able to: Define standard electrode (redox) potential. Explain the standard hydrogen electrode and calomel electrodes. Calculate a standard cell potential by combining two standard electrode potentials. Describe the applications of the electrochemical series. Define and explain standard cell potential…
Thermodynamics 🎯 Learning outcomes After completing this lesson, you should be able to: Define thermodynamics and explain its basic terms: system, surroundings, boundary and universe. Classify systems as open, closed or isolated, and give real-life examples of each. Define state functions and distinguish them from path functions. Distinguish between extensive and intensive properties with examples….
17.1 Modern Chemical Manufacturers 🎯 Learning outcomes By the end of this chapter, Students should be able to: 17.1 State and show the manufacture of ammonia by Haber’s process (principle and flow sheet diagram). 17.2 State and show the manufacture of nitric acid by Ostwald’s process (principle and flow-sheet diagram). 17.3 State and show the…
Aromatic Hydrocarbons 🎯 Learning outcomes By the end of this chapter, Students should be able to: Introduction and characteristics of aromatic compounds Hückel’s rule of aromaticity Kekule structure of benzene Resonance and isomerism Preparation of benzene from decarboxylation of Sodium benzoate, Phenol, and Ethyne only Physical properties of Benzene Chemical properties of benzene: Addition reaction:…
14.2 Unsaturated Hydrocarbons — Alkenes and Alkynes 🎯 Learning outcomes By the end of this chapter, Students should be able to: Define and describe unsaturated hydrocarbons (Alkenes & Alkynes). Show preparation of alkenes by dehydration of alcohol, dehydrohalogenation, and catalytic hydrogenation of alkyne. Explain the chemical properties of alkenes, i.e., addition reactions with HX (Markovnikov’s…
14.1 Saturated Hydrocarbons (Alkanes) 🎯 Learning outcomes By the end of this chapter, students should be able to: Define and describe saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes). Show preparation of alkanes from haloalkanes (reduction and Wurtz reaction), decarboxylation, and catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes and alkynes. Explain the chemical properties of alkanes. Classification of Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Acyclic compounds…
13.7 Preliminary Idea of Reaction Mechanism 🎯 Learning outcomes After the lesson, the students will be able to: Give a preliminary idea of reaction mechanism (homolytic and heterolytic fission, electrophiles, nucleophiles, and free radicals, inductive effect: +I and −I effect, resonance effect: +R and −R effect, steric hindrance). Preliminary Idea of Reaction Mechanism 1 Introduction…