28.5 Stability Constants
📥 Download 28.5 Stability Constant – Notes
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28.1 Transition Elements- Introduction
28.1 General Physical and Chemical Properties of Transition Elements Learning outcomes Candidates should be able to: define a transition element as a d-block element which forms one or more stable ions with incomplete d orbitals sketch the shape of a 3dxy orbital and a 3dz² orbital understand that transition elements have the following properties: they…
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26.2 Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysts
Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysts 🎯 Learning outcomes Candidates should be able to: Explain that catalysts can be homogeneous or heterogeneous Describe the mode of action of a heterogeneous catalyst, including adsorption of reactants, bond weakening and desorption of products, for example: (a) iron in the Haber process (b) palladium, platinum and rhodium in the catalytic…
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3.5 The Periodic Table
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3.5 Shapes of Molecules
11. Shapes of Molecules — A Level Chemistry 🎯 Learning Outcomes Candidates should be able to: State and explain the shapes of, and bond angles in, molecules by using VSEPR theory, including CO₂ (linear, 180°), BF₃ (trigonal planar, 120°), CH₄ (tetrahedral, 109.5°), NH₃ (pyramidal, 107°), H₂O (non-linear, 104.5°), PF₅ (trigonal bipyramidal, 120° and 90°) and…
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3.4 Covalent and Coordinate Bonding
10. Covalent & Coordinate Bonding — A Level Chemistry 🎯 Learning Outcomes Candidates should be able to: Define covalent bonding, and describe covalent bonding in H₂, O₂, N₂, Cl₂, HCl, CO₂, NH₃, CH₄, C₂H₆ and C₂H₄; understand that Period 3 elements can expand their octet (e.g. SO₂, PCl₅, SF₆); describe coordinate (dative covalent) bonding, including…
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3.3 Metallic Bonding
9. Metallic Bonding — A Level Chemistry 🎯 Learning Outcomes By the end of this chapter, students should be able to: Define metallic bonding and draw an illustration to represent it. 1 What Is Metallic Bonding? ▾ In a metal, atoms are packed closely together in a regular arrangement called a lattice. Metal atoms in…
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3.2 Ionic Bonding
8. Ionic Bonding — A Level Chemistry 🎯 Learning Outcomes Candidates should be able to: Define ionic bonding. Describe ionic bonding, using the examples of sodium chloride, magnesium chloride and calcium fluoride, including the use of ‘dot-and-cross’ diagrams. 1 What Is Ionic Bonding? ▾ An ionic bond is the strong electrostatic attraction between positively charged…
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3.1 Electronegativity & Bonding
🎯 Learning outcomes After completing this lesson, you should be able to: define electronegativity explain the factors influencing the electronegativities of the elements state and explain the trends in electronegativity across a period and down a group of the Periodic Table use differences in Pauling electronegativity values to predict the formation of ionic and covalent…
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4.2 Bonding and Structure
🎯 Learning outcomes After completing this lesson, you should be able to: describe, in simple terms, the lattice structure of a crystalline solid which is: giant ionic, including sodium chloride and magnesium oxide simple molecular, including iodine, buckminsterfullerene (C₆₀) and ice giant molecular, including silicon(IV) oxide, graphite and diamond giant metallic, including copper describe, interpret…
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8.3 Catalysts
🎯 Learning outcomes After completing this lesson, you should be able to: explain and use the terms catalyst and catalysis explain that, in the presence of a catalyst, a reaction has a different mechanism — one of lower activation energy explain this catalytic effect in terms of the Boltzmann distribution construct and interpret a reaction…
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26.1 Rate equations, Order and Rate Constants
📥 Download 26.1 Rate equations, Order, Rate constants- Notes 📥 Download 26.1 Rate equations, Order, Rate constants- Worksheet
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8.2 Effect of Temperature
🎯 Learning outcomes After completing this lesson, you should be able to: define activation energy, EA, as the minimum energy required for a collision to be effective sketch and use the Boltzmann distribution to explain the significance of activation energy explain qualitatively, in terms both of the Boltzmann distribution and of the frequency of effective…
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8.1 Rate of Reactions
🎯 Learning outcomes After completing this lesson, you should be able to: explain and use the terms rate of reaction, frequency of collisions, effective collisions and non-effective collisions explain qualitatively, in terms of the frequency of effective collisions, the effect of concentration and pressure changes on the rate of a reaction use experimental data to…
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